The move came in response to a critical report published last month by the independent Climate Change Committee (CCC), which said Scotland was so far behind what was needed to meet the 2030 target that it was no longer credible.
"We accept the CCC's recent re-articulation that this parliament's interim 2030 target is out of reach," Mairi McAllan, the Net Zero Secretary for Scotland's devolved government, told the Scottish parliament in Edinburgh.
McAllan said Scotland was constrained by cuts to the capital funding it receives from the British government and an overall weakening of climate ambition by British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.
Scotland's semi-autonomous government has control over some elements of climate and environmental policy, but others - most notably, almost all energy policy - remain under the control of the British government in London.
"We are trying to achieve societal and economic transformation, with one hand tied behind our back," she said.
McAllan, a member of the pro-independence Scottish National Party, said Scotland still had an "unwavering commitment" to reaching net zero by 2045.
Campaign groups reacted angrily to the move, with Oxfam Scotland calling it a "reprehensible retreat".
Piers Forster, Interim Chair of the CCC, said the removal of the 2030 target was deeply disappointing.
"We are reassured that the net zero target remains in place but interim targets and plans to deliver against them are what makes any net zero commitment credible," he said in a statement.
"Long term planning is vital for businesses, citizens, and future Parliaments. Today that has been undermined."
In September, Sunak pushed back climate targets on phasing out new petrol cars and gas-powered domestic heating boilers, saying Britain could afford to make slower progress because it was ahead of its peers on cutting emissions.
That was widely interpreted as a political move to try to maintain public support for net zero policies, which have seen pushback in Britain and a number of countries across Europe as voters baulk at their cost during hard economic times.
Scotland's 75% target - measured against a 1990 baseline level - was more ambitious than the overall Britain-wide commitment of at least 68% reduction by 2030.
Scotland's remaining 2045 net zero target is again more ambitious than the 2050 target set by the British government.
